At the whole brain level there's a fixed energy budget. If something hyperactivates, it suppresses something else. If you chronically move the budget towards the salience & the threat network, then you're deactivating other parts of the brain that are involved in, say, creating attachment to others. Reshaping brain energy networks
Martin Picard, PhD: "There are different large scale brain networks, like the mode network, the salience network, the ventral dorsal attention networks. There's this beautiful new paper from like two weeks ago, I think. Parker Kelley, who is a mitochondrial psychobiologist at UCSF, who does some work on psychedelics and mitochondria, he's come up with this beautiful ATP model which is about thinking energetically on how the brain manages energy.
"And if you have a network, a neural network that's activated, this is maybe the way that the brain has to decrease energy resistance in one network. But to decrease energy resistance somewhere, you increase energy resistance somewhere else, right? So the way that the brain generates these complex energetic states, or complex energetic patterns that we see with fMRI, that we see with EEG, right, all of these modalities, they image energetic states of the brain.
"Parker was thinking about this from an energy constraint perspective. And what we know is that at the whole brain level there's a fixed budget. The brain receives a certain amount of blood, so it has a certain energy budget. If it's going to hyperactivate something, it needs to suppress something else. There's always these kind of"
Nirosha Murugan, PhD: "Push-pull dynamics."
Martin Picard, PhD: "Push-pull dynamics, right? Something is turned off for something to be turned on. And you chronically turn something on, and you chronically turn something off, what happens is if you turn something off repeatedly, and you basically decrease blood flow and activation there, that thing is going to atrophy, the same if you put a cast over your arm or over your leg, that muscle is going to shrink. If you increase energy resistance, energy can't flow in that direction. If energy can't flow then that part is biologically means it's not useful. It shouldn't be sustained. There less transformation there, then you get catabolism, the breakdown of stuff.
"The same thing could be happening in the brain. The brain has this budget, and if you chronically move the budget towards like the salience and the threat network then you're deactivating other parts of the brain that are involved in creating attachment to other human beings, or thinking positively about the world, about yourself, then those things atrophy. That's not a neurotransmitter-first process; this is an energetically driven process."
Nirosha Murugan, PhD: "It explains why psychedelics have such a profound response, because you're redistributing that resistive network. So I think you have the brain energy network that people usually compute in neural networks, but then you can actually perhaps compute a resistive network, and therapeutics can basically modulate that resistance."
Martin Picard, PhD: "Yeah, we could talk for a long time about psychedelics. But I wanted to ground this. The symptomatology and the ATP model is about psychopathology, and Parker's model about like energy being moving around in the brain and things being deprioritized, energetically deprioritized. You take the energy away from one network, and you put it towards like maybe the default network or the salience network. These energy dynamics are going to have a consequence on the hardware, eventually. This is a core tenet of the ERP.
"The hardware, the physiology, the same way we talked about with exercise. If there's like high energy resistance and then you decrease it, now that's going to trigger some adaptive changes. But if energy resistance is always too high now at some point that thing is going to atrophy. So that could be happening in the brain, and those dynamics of energy resistance, like you get up in the morning, there's a spike of energy resistance and waking up is difficult for most people. It's a stressor and your heart rate increases, cortisol increases to sustain that, to raise that energy pressure so that you have the desire and the will to wake up and to live. But then when you never have this kind of lowering of energy resistance, that kind of yin and yang, or that push and pull, now things become set, and maybe psychopathology.
"Like when not just you feel down for a day or two, but now you feel down all the time. This could be first and foremost the consequence of energetic disallocation. Your chronic reallocation of energy in one area and then you deprioritize something else and that thing ends up atrophying. Then that becomes a little fixed, and then it's really hard to get out of this rut. you that could be when when and how like neurally, ruts are created because of energetic forces, and then you become depressed, and you become schizophrenic, or you become bipolar.
"Those are gradual processes and even though we think about them as really like rigid, and then people get these labels. I've seen people who receive these diagnostic labels. They were stuck in a rut, and then for through various ways, including ketogenic diet, they found a way to kind come out of this or with psychedelics and re-enlivened maybe part of their brain, move their energy in ways that they haven't been able to in a long time. So there's a deep layer of regulation there where the very rapid energy dynamics that happens at the level of energy resistance end up shaping the biology of the brain, and probably the level of synapses, neural networks, and so on."
Martin Picard, PhD & Nirosha Murugan, PhD with Nick Jikomes, PhD @ 01:50:16–01:55:42 (posted 2025-10-29)
https://youtu.be/GiwDfsIgziA&t=6616