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Meredith Whittaker141d ago
📣THREAD: It’s surprising to me that so many people were surprised to learn that Signal runs partly on AWS (something we can do because we use encryption to make sure no one but you–not AWS, not Signal, not anyone–can access your comms). It’s also concerning. 1/
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Replies (19)

Meredith Whittaker141d ago
Concerning, bc it indicates that the extent of the concentration of power in the hands of a few hyperscalers is way less widely understood than I’d assumed. Which bodes poorly for our ability to craft reality-based strategies capable of contesting this concentration & solving the real problem. 2/
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Meredith Whittaker141d ago
The question isn’t "why does Signal use AWS?" It’s to look at the infrastructural requirements of any global, real-time, mass comms platform and ask how it is that we got to a place where there’s no realistic alternative to AWS and the other hyperscalers. 3/
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Meredith Whittaker141d ago
I don't think you have a clear understanding of what you're talking about, and it might be fun for you to look a bit more deeply into how TOR works and its dependencies.
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Meredith Whittaker141d ago
I don't think you have a clear understanding of this space, but I hope you have a good time digging in and learning more.
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Meredith Whittaker141d ago
We use multiple cloud providers, yes.
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Meredith Whittaker141d ago
No, because no modern and useful comms platform provides only text messaging. And if your platform doesn't provide normative features and functionality, people won't use it. And if they don't use it--even if you do--you can't use it either. The network effect rules communications effectiveness.
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Meredith Whittaker141d ago
I'm sorry if it landed harsh. First, I don't think not knowing things is inherently bad or shameful--it's where learning starts, etc. Second, there's a misunderstanding here, whoever is expressing it: decentralization at the level of a protocol--ActivityPub or w/e else--is NOT the same thing as decentralization of infra. People running mastodon instances, or Matrix servers, or other fedi systems, are also in most cases leasing infrastructure from hyperscalers to do so.
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Meredith Whittaker141d ago
Decentralization at the level of protocol--in Mastodon's case via ActivityPub--does not mean decentralization at the level of infrastructural dependence.
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Meredith Whittaker74d ago
true, but at least some of their interlocutors almost certainly 'rely on big tech' OS's, so they still need to care.
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Meredith Whittaker141d ago
Running a low-latency platform for instant comms capable of carrying millions of concurrent audio/video calls requires a pre-built, planet-spanning network of compute, storage and edge presence that requires constant maintenance, significant electricity and persistent attention and monitoring. 4/
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Meredith Whittaker141d ago
Instant messaging demands near-zero latency. Voice and video in particular require complex global signaling & regional relays to manage jitter and packet loss. These are things that AWS, Azure, and GCP provide at global scale that, practically speaking, others (in the western context) don’t. 5/
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Meredith Whittaker141d ago
This isn't ‘'renting a server.' It's leasing access to a whole sprawling, capital-intensive, technically-capable system that must be just as available in Cairo as in Capetown, just as functional in Bangkok as Berlin. Particularly given the high stakes use cases of many who rely on Signal. 6/
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Meredith Whittaker141d ago
Such infrastructure costs billions and billions of dollars to provision and maintain, and it’s highly depreciable. In the case of the hyperscalers, the staggering cost is cross-subsidized by other businesses–themselves also massive platforms with significant lockin. 7/
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Meredith Whittaker141d ago
Meaning that infrastructure like AWS is not something that Signal, or almost anyone else, could afford to just “spin up.” Which is why nearly everyone that manages a real-time service–from Signal, to X, to Palantir, to Mastodon–rely at least in part on services provisioned by these companies. 8/
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Meredith Whittaker141d ago
But even if Signal had the billions needed to recreate AWS, it’s not just about money. The talent to run these systems is rare & concentrated. The expertise, the tooling, the playbooks, the very language of modern SRE came out of these hyperscalers, and is now synonymous with 'the cloud.' 9/
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Meredith Whittaker141d ago
o, yes, Signal runs on AWS. It also runs on your phone, which runs on iOS (Apple) or Android (Google). And on Dekstop, via Windows (Microsoft). Each of these presents similar dependencies on large entrenched tech companies, and concomitant barriers and risks. 10/
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Meredith Whittaker141d ago
In short, the problem here is not that Signal ‘chose’ to run on AWS. The problem is the concentration of power in the infrastructure space that means there isn’t really another choice: the entire stack, practically speaking, is owned by 3-4 players. 11/
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